OSC学习:在当前COVID-19爆发的背景下,WHO对大规模集会的主要规划建议

项目品牌: ONSITECLUB

项目行业: 体验营销/营销

项目日期: 2020-03-04 16:00 2020-03-04 17:30

项目地点: 线上

项目名称: OSC学习:在当前COVID-19爆发的背景下,WHO对大规模集会的主要规划建议



Key planning recommendations for Mass Gatherings in the context of the current COVID-19 outbreak

在当前COVID-19爆发的背景下,对大规模集会的主要规划建议


1 Introduction 介绍


Mass gatherings are highly visible events with the potential for serious public health consequences if they are not planned and managed carefully. There is ample evidence that mass gatherings can amplify the spread of infectious diseases. The transmission of respiratory infections, including influenza, has been frequently associated with mass gatherings.1 Such infections can be transmitted during a mass gathering, during transit to and from the event, and in participants’ home communities upon their return.  

群众集会是非常明显的事件,如果不认真规划和管理,可能会造成严重的公共卫生后果。有充分的证据表明,大规模集会可以扩大传染病的传播。包括流感在内的呼吸道传染病的传播经常与集体集会有关。1这种传染病可在集体集会期间、活动往返期间以及参与者返回后的家庭社区传播。


The purpose of this document is to outline key planning considerations for the organizers of mass gatherings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. It should be read in conjunction with WHO’s Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations,2 which provides general advice on the public health aspects of mass events. It is also adapted from the interim planning considerations that were previously released by WHO addressing mass gatherings in the context of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and guidance for international meetings attended by individuals from countries affected by Ebola virus.3,4 Updated technical guidance on the COVID-19 disease outbreak should also be consulted (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance).

本文件的目的是概述在新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)爆发的背景下,大规模集会组织者的主要规划考虑因素。它应与世卫组织的《大众集会的公共卫生:关键考虑因素》2结合阅读,该书就大众活动的公共卫生方面提供一般性建议。它还改编自世卫组织先前在2009年流感大流行(H1N1)背景下的大规模集会上发表的临时规划考虑和埃博拉病毒感染国个人参加的国际会议指南,4还应查阅关于COVID-19疾病爆发的最新技术指南(https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/new-coronavirus-2019/technical guidance)。 


2 General information about the COVID-19 virus  关于COVID-19病毒的基本信息


Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses found both in animals and humans. Some infect people and are known to cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (known as MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (known as SARS). 

冠状病毒是一个在动物和人类身上都发现的病毒大家族。有些病毒感染人,已知会引起从普通感冒到更严重疾病的疾病,如中东呼吸综合征(称为MERS)和严重急性呼吸综合征(称为SARS)。


A novel coronavirus is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. The new, or novel, coronavirus, now called the COVID-19 virus, had not been detected before the outbreak that was reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. 

一种新型冠状病毒是一种全新的冠状病毒株,以前从未在人类身上发现过。这种新的,或者说是新的冠状病毒,现在被称为COVID-19病毒,在2019年12月中国武汉报道的疫情爆发之前还没有被发现。


So far, the main clinical signs and symptoms reported in people during this outbreak include fever, coughing, difficulty in breathing and chest radiographs showing bilateral lung infiltrates. As of 27 January 2020, human-to-human transmission was confirmed largely in Wuhan, but also in some other places in China and internationally. Not enough is known about the epidemiology of COVID-19 disease to draw definitive conclusions about the full clinical features, the intensity of human-to-human transmission, and the original source of the outbreak. 

到目前为止,本次疫情期间报告的主要临床症状和体征包括发烧、咳嗽、呼吸困难和胸片显示双肺浸润。截至2020年1月27日,人传人已基本在武汉得到确认,但在中国其他一些地方和国际上也得到确认。对COVID-19疾病的流行病学了解还不够,无法对其全部临床特征、人与人之间传播的强度以及爆发的原始来源得出明确结论。


In planning appropriate preparedness measures, meeting organizers may want to consider the following three phases:   

在规划适当的备灾措施时,会议组织者不妨考虑以下三个阶段:


  • planning phase − the period (weeks or months) before the event begins, when operational plans for health and security services during the event are developed, tested and revised; 规划阶段——活动开始前的一段时间(几周或几个月),在此期间制定、测试和修订活动期间的健康和安全服务运营计划;
  • operational phase − the period after plans are finalized and the delivery of the event services begins; this may be several weeks before the event commences if teams arrive in advance to complete their training or preparations; 运营阶段——计划最终确定并开始提供活动服务后的一段时间;如果团队提前到达完成培训或准备工作,则这可能是活动开始前的几周;
  • post-event phase − the period after the event finishes when participants are returning to their home countries and organizers are reviewing the event delivery and any follow-up actions that are necessary, as well as reviewing any lessons learned and the event’s legacy.   活动结束后阶段——活动结束后的一段时间,参与者返回本国,组织者正在审查活动交付情况和任何必要的后续行动,以及审查任何经验教训和活动遗产/后遗症。


3 Planning phase  规划阶段

Good planning should ensure that robust systems and processes are in place to manage public health issues during mass gatherings. Organizers should review their plans to ensure they are fit for purpose. Additional advice could be sought through consultation with global experts.

良好的规划应确保建立健全的系统和程序,以管理群众集会期间的公共卫生问题。组织者应审查他们的计划,以确保它们符合目的。可通过与全球专家协商寻求其他建议。


General advice on planning for the public health aspects of an event is set out in WHO’s key considerations document (mentioned in Section 1). Specific actions to be taken in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak are discussed in this section.

关于活动公共卫生方面规划的一般性建议载于世卫组织的主要考虑事项文件(见第1节)。本节将讨论与COVID-19爆发有关的具体行动。


3.1 Liaison with local and national public health authorities  与地方和国家公共卫生当局的联络


  • Event organizers should establish direct links with local and national public health authorities. This should include the local provider of health services for the event.   活动组织者应与地方和国家公共卫生当局建立直接联系。这应该包括活动的本地卫生服务提供商。
  • There should be a nominated liaison person in the organizing team and also one in the designated public health agency. Contact information should be shared, and contacts should be available 24 hours.   在组织团队中应指定一名联络人,在指定的公共卫生机构中也应指定一名联络人。应共享联系信息,并应24小时提供联系方式。
  • Regular contact should be maintained throughout the planning period to share information, risk assessments and plans.   应在整个规划期间保持定期联系,以分享信息、风险评估和计划。
  • Channels of communication between agencies and organizers, and with the public, should be agreed in advance.  机构与组织者之间以及与公众之间的沟通渠道应事先达成一致。


3.2 Risk assessment  风险评估


The decision to proceed with a mass gathering or to restrict, modify, postpone or cancel the event should be based on a thorough risk assessment. Event planners should undertake such an assessment in partnership with local and national public health authorities. 

进行大规模集会或限制、修改、推迟或取消活动的决定应基于彻底的风险评估。活动策划者应与地方和国家公共卫生当局合作进行此类评估。


For highly visible or particularly large events, WHO may provide advice and technical support to the host country to help with assessing the public health risks associated with the event.

对于高度明显或特别重大的活动,世卫组织可向东道国提供咨询和技术支持,帮助评估与活动有关的公共卫生风险。


3.2.1 General considerations 基本考虑信息

General considerations include the following.  基本考虑信息如下

+ A comprehensive risk assessment should be undertaken at the beginning of the planning phase, reviewed regularly during planning and updated immediately prior to the handover to the operational phase.  应在规划阶段开始时进行全面的风险评估,在规划期间定期审查,并在移交至运营阶段之前立即更新

+ The risk assessment should include input from the public health authority and should take into account the security assessment for the event.  风险评估应包括公共卫生当局的投入,并应考虑事件的安全评估

+ In relation to COVID-19 disease, the risk assessment should include consulting WHO’s updated technical guidance and ensuring that there is an up-to-date evaluation of the epidemiological situation.   关于COVID-19疾病,风险评估应包括咨询世卫组织最新的技术指导,并确保对流行病学情况进行最新评估。

+ The risk assessment for the event must be coordinated and integrated with the host country's national risk assessment.    活动的风险评估必须与东道国的国家风险评估相协调和整合。


3.2.2 Specific considerations in relation to COVID-19 disease  关于COVID-19疾病的特殊考虑

Specific information that is necessary for the risk assessment includes: 风险评估所需的具体信息包括: 

 

  • the global COVID-19 situation report as provided by WHO;  世卫组织提供的全球COVID-19情况报告;
  • the national COVID-19 situation report.  所在国家COVID-19形势报告。


The risk assessment for COVID-19 disease should consider both general features and specific features.  COVID-19病的风险评估应同时考虑一般特征和特殊特征。


+ General features of COVID-19 disease include COVID-19发病的一般特征包括

- transmission dynamics 流行病传播学

- future likely spread of the epidemic 流行病传播可能

- clinical severity 临床严重程度

- treatment options 治疗方案

- potential for prevention, including available pharmaceuticals and vaccine.  预防潜力,包括可用的药物和疫苗。


+ Specific features of the event that should be considered include 应考虑的事件的具体特征包括

- crowd density;  人群密度

- the nature of contact between participants (for example, a concert or religious event, indoors or outdoors, the layout of the venue);  参与者之间接触的性质(例如,音乐会或宗教活动,室内或室外,场地的布局);

- whether the event will be attended by registered and non-registered participants;   是否有注册及非注册人士出席;

- the profession of the participants and their possible previous exposure;  参与者的职业及其可能的先前接触;

- the number of participants coming from countries or areas affected by the COVID-19 outbreak within 14 days prior to the event;  活动前14天内,来自受COVID-19疫情影响的国家或地区的参与者人数;

- the age of participants; because elderly people who have co-morbid conditions appear to be more seriously affected, mass gatherings composed principally of this cohort may be associated with increased transmission;   参与者的年龄;由于患有共同疾病的老年人似乎受到更严重的影响,主要由这一群体组成的群体集会可能与传播增加有关;

- the type or purpose of event (for example, sporting, festival, religious, political, cultural);   事件的类型或目的(例如,体育、节日、宗教、政治、文化);

- the duration and mode of travel of participants; if the duration of the mass gathering is longer than the incubation period for COVID-19 infection (14 days), then most event-associated cases would be expected to occur while the event is under way. In contrast, if the duration is shorter, most cases would likely occur after the event as people travel and return to their home communities.  参与者的持续时间和旅行方式;如果大规模聚集的持续时间长于COVID-19感染的潜伏期(14天),那么大多数事件相关病例将在事件进行期间发生。相反,如果持续时间较短,大多数情况可能发生在事件发生后,因为人们旅行和返回他们的家园社区。


WHO’s Public health for mass gatherings: key considerations can be consulted for a detailed discussion of the general principles and elements of risk assessment and management. Additionally, online training is available about public health preparedness for mass gatherings.

世卫组织大众集会的公共卫生:可参考关键考虑因素,详细讨论风险评估和管理的一般原则和要素。此外,还提供了关于大众集会公共卫生准备的在线培训。


3.3 Specific action plan for COVID-19 disease   COVID-19疾病下的具体行动计划


Action plans should be developed to mitigate all risks identified in the assessment. Some actions will be the responsibility of the public health authority to deliver, some will be the responsibility of the local health service provider, and the event organizer will be responsible for others; each action plan should specify who is responsible for delivering each action, the timescale for delivery, and how and by whom delivery will be ensured. Action plans should include: 

应制定行动计划,以减轻评估中确定的所有风险。一些行动将由公共卫生当局负责交付,一些将由当地卫生服务提供商负责,活动组织者将负责其他;每个行动计划应规定谁负责交付每个行动,交付的时间范围,以及交付的方式和人员确保。行动计划应包括:


+ integration with national emergency planning and response plans for infectious diseases;   与国家传染病应急规划和响应计划相结合;

+ command and control arrangements to facilitate the rapid communication of information and efficient situation analyses and decision-making;   指挥和控制安排,促进信息的快速交流和有效的情况分析和决策;

+ any appropriate screening requirements for event participants – for example, will participants be screened for COVID-19 symptoms on arrival?   对活动参与者的任何适当的筛查要求-例如,参与者是否会在到达时接受COVID-19症状筛查?

+ disease surveillance and detection – for example, how will the disease be recognized and diagnosed in participants?  疾病监测和检测——例如,如何在参与者中识别和诊断疾病?

+ treatment – for example, how and where will ill participants be isolated and treated?   治疗——例如,如何以及在哪里隔离和治疗患病的参与者?

+ decision trigger points – for example, who will decide whether affected participants can continue or resume their role in the event? What trigger points will indicate the need to reconsider or revise the plans? What would trigger postponement or cancellation of the event?   决策触发点-例如,谁将决定受影响的参与者是否可以继续或恢复其在事件中的角色?哪些触发点将表明需要重新考虑或修改计划?什么会导致活动延期或取消?


If the decision is made to proceed with a mass gathering, planning should consider measures to:  如果决定进行大规模集会,规划应考虑采取措施:


+ detect and monitor event-related COVID-19 disease;   检测和监测与事件相关的COVID-19疾病;

+ reduce the spread of the virus;  减少病毒的传播;

+ manage and treat ill persons;   管理和治疗病人;

+ disseminate public health messages specific to COVID-19 disease.   传播针对COVID-19疾病的公共卫生信息。


3.4 Capacity and resource assessment  能力和资源评估


Some of the capabilities and resources to be considered when planning for an event include the following.   计划活动时要考虑的一些能力和资源包括以下内容。


+ National health authorities should assess whether additional resources and capacity are needed to deliver appropriate risk-mitigation actions to the local community during and after the event, for example, by adding diagnostic testing capacity, isolation and treatment facilities, and resources for contact tracing.   国家卫生当局应评估是否需要额外的资源和能力,以便在活动期间和之后向当地社区提供适当的风险缓解行动,例如,增加诊断检测能力、隔离和治疗设施以及接触者追踪资源。

+ Event organizers should asses the capacity needed and the resources available to deliver all specific COVID-19 risk-mitigation actions that arise from the risk assessment.   活动组织者应评估实施风险评估产生的所有特定COVID-19风险缓解措施所需的能力和可用的资源。

+ Capacity and resources should be coordinated with the public health authority and health service provider to avoid duplication or gaps.   应与公共卫生当局和卫生服务提供者协调能力和资源,以避免重复或差距。


3.5 Risk communication and community engagement plan  风险沟通和社区参与计划


Event organizers should agree with the public health authority how participants and the local population will be kept informed about the health situation, key developments and any relevant advice and recommended actions. 

活动组织者应与公共卫生当局商定,如何向参与者和当地居民通报健康状况、关键事态发展以及任何相关建议和建议行动。


4 Operational phase 运营环节


 There is no published experiential data specific to planning and implementing a mass gathering during the current COVID-19 outbreak. However, arrangements must be in place to ensure regular communication between event organizers and the public health authority. 

在目前的COVID-19爆发期间,没有专门针对计划和实施大规模收集的公开经验数据。但是,必须作出安排,确保活动组织者和公共卫生当局之间的定期沟通。


These arrangements should include:  这些安排应包括:

+ regular and full sharing of information by organizers and public health authorities;  组织者和公共卫生当局定期和充分分享信息;

+ arrangements to provide participants with information about how to access health advice;   为参与者提供如何获得健康建议的信息的安排;

+ arrangements for ongoing, dynamic risk assessments to be conducted by the public health authority and organizers as the event progresses;  随着活动的进行,由公共卫生当局和组织者进行持续、动态的风险评估的安排;

+ arrangements for communicating with participants and the local population to ensure messaging is consistent.   与参与者和当地居民沟通的安排,以确保信息的一致性。


To date, there is no scientific evidence that supports the screening of participants as a cost-effective measure.   到目前为止,还没有科学证据支持将参与者筛选作为一项具有成本效益的措施。


4.1 Risk communication 风险沟通


Risk communication is an integral part of mass gatherings. The following measures should be considered.  风险沟通是大众聚会不可或缺的一部分。应考虑以下措施

 

+ Key messages for the local population and event participants must be coordinated and consistent.  对当地居民和活动参与者的关键信息必须协调一致。

+ Consideration should be given to how messages about risk can be delivered to the population and to participants quickly if an unusual event occurs.  应考虑如何在发生异常事件时将有关风险的信息迅速传递给人群和参与者。

+ Messaging should include: 信息应包括:

- an overall assessment of the local risk;  对当地风险的全面评估;

- advice on preventive measures, especially respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene practices;  预防措施建议,特别是呼吸礼仪和手卫生习惯;

- advice about how to access local health care if necessary, including how to do so without creating a risk to healthcare workers;  如有必要,提供有关如何获得当地医疗保健的建议,包括如何在不给医护人员带来风险的情况下获得这些建议;

- advice on self-isolation and not attending the event if symptoms develop;  自我隔离和不参加活动的建议,如果症状发展;

- information about disease signs and symptoms, including warning signs of severe disease that require immediate medical attention;  有关疾病迹象和症状的信息,包括需要立即就医的严重疾病的警告迹象;

- advice on self-monitoring for symptoms and signs for participants travelling from affected countries, including checking their temperature;  对从受影响国家旅行的参与者的症状和体征进行自我监测的建议,包括检查他们的体温;

- information that WHO does not currently recommend quarantine for healthy travellers or other travel restrictions;  世卫组织目前不建议对健康旅行者实施检疫或其他旅行限制的信息;

- information that wearing a face mask is recommended for participants who have respiratory symptoms (for example, cough); it is not recommended for healthy participants.  建议有呼吸系统症状(如咳嗽)的参与者戴口罩;不建议健康参与者戴口罩。


Event organizers in collaboration with public health authorities may wish to consider whether specific information or advice is needed about the potential risks that persons already at increased risk of severe disease might face in the setting of a mass gathering, especially if the COVID-19 virus is circulating in the community.  活动组织者可能希望与公共卫生当局合作,考虑是否需要具体信息或建议,说明在大规模聚集的情况下,特别是在COVID-19病毒在社区传播的情况下,已经处于严重疾病风险增加的人可能面临的潜在风险。


More information on COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement can be found in Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and response to the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).5 WHO’s advice for the public about COVID-19 disease can be found here and information about myths can be found here.  有关COVID-19风险沟通和社区参与的更多信息,可在风险沟通和社区参与(RCCE)准备和应对2019年新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)中找到。世卫组织就COVID-19疾病向公众提供的建议可在此处找到,有关神话的信息可在此处找到这里。


4.2 Surveillance of participants  对参与者的监视/控制

Some of the key features to consider for surveillance include the following.  监视时需要考虑的一些关键特性包括:


+ Detection and monitoring of event-related COVID-19 disease should be considered in the context of surveillance schemes that are already in place and if new or enhanced surveillance is deemed necessary. 如果认为有必要进行新的或加强的监测,则应在已经实施的监测计划的范围内考虑对与事件相关的COVID-19疾病的检测和监测。 

+ Organizers will need to work with local public health authorities to ensure that systems are in place to identify indicators of illness arising in the local population or in event participants, such as increases in the number of people experiencing symptoms or a rise in the use of proprietary medicines.  组织者需要与当地公共卫生当局合作,确保建立系统,以确定当地人口或活动参与者的疾病指标,例如出现症状的人数增加或专有药物使用增加。

+ Surveillance systems will need to operate in real time or near−real time to support rapid response actions.  监视系统需要实时或近实时运行,以支持快速反应行动。

+ Surveillance systems should be linked to risk assessments, so that any abnormal signal in the surveillance systems triggers an immediate revision of the risk assessment  监控系统应与风险评估相联系,以便监控系统中的任何异常信号触发风险评估的立即修订


4.3 Testing and diagnostic arrangements  测试和诊断安排


Organizers need to consider with the local health authority how and where participants presenting with COVID-19-like symptoms will be tested. In the current absence of commercial testing kits for the COVID-19 virus, organizers will need to ensure that their health provider has access to appropriate testing tools, probably from the national public health agency. This will also require prior agreement about how to transport specimens or participants to a testing facility. 

 组织者需要与当地卫生当局一起考虑如何以及在何处对出现COVID-19样症状的参与者进行检测。在目前没有针对COVID-19病毒的商业测试包的情况下,组织者将需要确保他们的健康提供者能够获得适当的测试工具,可能来自国家公共卫生机构。这还需要事先就如何将样本或参与者运送到测试设施达成协议。


4.4 Treatment facilities  处理设施


Some considerations for treatment facilities include the following.  处理设施的一些考虑因素包括:

+ Event organizers should consider the need to provide isolation facilities at the event site for participants who develop symptoms and need to wait for a health assessment. Whether this is necessary depends on the nature of the event and the extent to which the event will provide its own medical services rather than depend on the local health service to do so. Preparing for an isolation facility includes training healthcare workers, implementing infection control and prevention measures in any healthcare setting, and preparing personal protective equipment to be used by staff.   活动组织者应考虑在活动现场为出现症状并需要等待健康评估的参与者提供隔离设施的必要性。这是否必要取决于活动的性质和活动将在多大程度上提供自己的医疗服务,而不是取决于当地的卫生服务。准备隔离设施包括培训医护人员,在任何医疗环境中实施感染控制和预防措施,以及准备供工作人员使用的个人防护设备。

+ Organizers need to consider where any participant who becomes unwell with COVID-19-like symptoms will be treated and how they will be transported to a treatment facility. This is likely to be in a national health facility where there is appropriate containment capacity and expertise, so participants will not be able to remain in the event’s medical facility. Agreements about any consequent funding issues should be confirmed in advance.  主办方需要考虑到任何因COVID-19样症状而不适的参与者将在何处接受治疗,以及如何将他们送往治疗机构。这可能是在一个国家卫生设施,那里有适当的遏制能力和专业知识,因此参与者将无法留在活动的医疗设施。有关任何后续融资问题的协议应提前确认。

+ Participants at events sometimes expect that they will be returned to their home country for medical treatment rather than be treated in the host country; this will not be possible for anyone diagnosed with COVID-19 illness except through the use of specific medical evacuation flights that have appropriate isolation and containment facilities: such facilities are scarce and expensive and not readily available for illnesses such as COVID-19 infection.  参加活动的人有时希望他们返回本国接受治疗,而不是在东道国接受治疗;这对于任何被诊断患有COVID-19疾病的人来说都是不可能的,除非通过使用具有适当隔离和遏制设施的特定医疗后送航班:此类设施稀缺且昂贵,不易用于COVID-19感染等疾病。

+ Organizers need to consider how any affected participants will be transferred home if their illness extends beyond the end of the event and pre-arranged travel is no longer available.  与公共卫生和医疗官员合作的活动组织者需要评估国家提供支持性治疗的医疗能力,包括让参与者进入重症监护室和提供呼吸机支持。应在群众集会附近提供这种照顾。

+ Event organizers working with public health and healthcare officials need to assess national healthcare capacity to deliver supportive treatment, including admitting participants to an intensive care unit and providing ventilator support. Such care should be provided near to the mass gathering.  与公共卫生和医疗官员合作的活动组织者需要评估国家提供支持性治疗的医疗能力,包括让参与者进入重症监护室和提供呼吸机支持。应在群众集会附近提供这种照顾。

+ National plans for deploying and providing access to medical supplies, such as antibiotics, ventilators, and personal protective equipment (known as PPE), should be reviewed.  应审查部署和提供医疗用品,如抗生素、呼吸机和个人防护设备(称为PPE)的国家计划。


 4.5 Decision-making 决策


In collaboration with local health authorities, organizers should also agree in advance the circumstances in which risk-mitigation measures would need to be enhanced or the event postponed or cancelled. Prior agreement on potential trigger points will facilitate these discussions if they become necessary. 

组织者还应与当地卫生当局合作,事先商定需要加强风险缓解措施或推迟或取消活动的情况。如果有必要,事先就潜在触发点达成协议将有助于这些讨论。

 

4.6 Operational practices for reducing event-related transmission of the COVID-19 virus  减少COVID-19病毒事件相关传播的操作规程


The basic general principles for reducing transmission of the COVID-19 virus are applicable to a mass gathering.   减少COVID-19病毒传播的基本一般原则适用于大规模聚集。


+ People should be advised to stay away from the event if they feel ill.  如果人们感觉不舒服,应该建议他们远离活动项目。

+ Persons who feel unwell (that is, have fever and cough) should stay at home and not attend work or school and avoid crowds until their symptoms resolve. This applies to participants as well as staff.  感到不适(即发烧和咳嗽)的人应呆在家里,不要上班或上学,在症状消失前避免拥挤。这不仅适用于员工,也适用于参与者。

+ Promoting appropriate hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette in mass gathering venues requires providing informational materials that reach a range of age groups and varying reading and educational levels. In addition, soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers and tissues should be easily accessible in all common areas, and especially at medical treatment sites at the event.  在群众聚集场所推广适当的手部卫生和呼吸礼仪,需要提供信息材料,以满足不同年龄组和不同的阅读和教育水平。此外,肥皂、水或酒精洗手液和纸巾应易于在所有公共区域使用,尤其是在活动的医疗场所。

+ People who become ill while at the event should be isolated.  在活动中生病的人应该被隔离。

+ Organizers should plan for the likelihood of persons becoming ill with fever and other typical symptoms of COVID-19 infection during the event. Organizers should consider establishing isolation areas in on-site medical treatment clinics or facilities where such persons can be initially assessed and triaged. Persons who are ill can be provided with a mask to help contain respiratory droplets generated from coughing and sneezing. The isolation area should be equipped with the necessary supplies to facilitate hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette. In addition, medical staff attending persons who are ill should wear a mask, dispose of it immediately after contact with someone who is ill, and cleanse their hands thoroughly afterwards.  主办方应计划在活动期间有可能有人因发烧和其他典型的COVID-19感染症状而生病。组织者应考虑在现场医疗诊所或设施内设立隔离区,以便对这些人员进行初步评估和分类。病人可以戴上口罩,帮助控制咳嗽和打喷嚏时产生的呼吸道飞沫。隔离区应配备必要的用品,以方便手部卫生和呼吸礼仪。此外,医护人员看病时应戴口罩,与病人接触后应立即处理,并在接触后彻底清洗双手。

+ The usual precautions should be practiced with travellers arriving from international destinations.  对于从国际目的地抵达的旅客,应采取通常的预防措施。

- If travellers have symptoms suggestive of acute respiratory illness before, during or after travel, they should be encouraged to seek medical attention and share their travel history with the healthcare provider.  如果旅行者在旅行前、旅行中或旅行后出现急性呼吸道疾病症状,应鼓励他们寻求医疗护理,并与医疗保健提供者分享他们的旅行经历。

- Public health authorities should provide to travellers information about reducing their general risk of acute respiratory infections through health practitioners, travel health clinics, travel agencies, transportation operators and at points of entry.  公共卫生当局应通过卫生从业人员、旅行卫生诊所、旅行社、运输经营者和入境点向旅客提供有关降低急性呼吸道感染一般风险的信息。

+ Crowding should be minimized where possible, and event organizers should consider using distancing measures to reduce close contact among people during the gathering (for example, by increasing the frequency of transport, staggering arrivals, diverting departures and minimizing congregation at sanitary stations and food and water distribution areas).    在可能的情况下,应尽量减少拥挤,活动组织者应考虑使用疏远措施,以减少聚会期间人们之间的密切接触(例如,通过增加交通频率、错开到达人数,转移出发点,尽量减少卫生站、食品和水分配区的聚集)


5 Post-event review 活动后回顾


After the conclusion of the mass gathering, the following should be considered. 大型项目结束后,应考虑以下几点。 

 

5.1 After the event  活动后

After the gathering, if public health authorities suspect that transmission of the COVID-19 virus has occurred, organizers and participants should support the response of authorities.  会后,如果公共卫生当局怀疑发生了COVID-19病毒的传播,组织者和参与者应支持当局的反应。

+ Meeting organizers must liaise with public health authorities and facilitate the sharing of information about all symptomatic participants (such as their itineraries, contact information, visa procedures, hotel bookings).  会议组织者必须与公共卫生当局联络,并促进分享所有有症状的参与者的信息(如他们的行程、联系信息、签证程序、酒店预订)。

+ Individuals who develop symptoms during the mass gathering and their stay in the country should isolate themselves, seek medical attention and inform the appropriate public health authorities about their potential exposure, both in the country where the event was held and upon returning to their country of residence.  在大规模集会期间出现症状并在该国逗留的个人应隔离自己,寻求医疗护理,并向有关公共卫生当局通报他们在活动举办国和返回居住国时可能受到的接触。


5.2 Risk communication for departing participants  离开参与者的风险沟通

+ It may be necessary both for clinical reasons and under International Health Regulations to notify the home countries of returning participants of any people who developed COVID-19 infection while attending the event.  出于临床原因和国际卫生条例的规定,可能有必要在参加活动时将任何感染COVID-19的人的归国情况通知母国。

+ Organizers also need to ensure that test results reported after the event are notified to the participant and, possibly, to the home country’s public health system.  组织者还需要确保在活动结束后报告的检测结果通知参与者,并可能通知母国的公共卫生系统。


5.3 Lessons identified 经验教训


As always, it will be important for lessons from any event to be identified through review after the event so that they can be passed on to future event organizers. 与以往一样,重要的是在活动结束后通过回顾确定任何活动的经验教训,以便将其传递给未来的活动组织者。


5.4 Legacy 项目遗产


Organizing mass gatherings during a global health emergency is unusual, but it can be done depending on the risk assessment. Organizers should see any such event as an opportunity to enhance their ways of working and to pass this learning on to both future events and the host country.     在全球卫生紧急情况下组织大规模集会是不寻常的,但这取决于风险评估。主办方应将任何此类活动视为一个机会,以加强其工作方式,并将这一知识传授给今后的活动和东道国。



WHO信息来源:WHO/2019-nCoV/POE mass gathering/2020.1 

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